1. Chicxulub predates the KT boundary and is not the cause for the end-Cretaceous mass extinction

2. Chicxulub Crater

3. Conclusions: Chicxulub impact predates KT by 300 kyr

References

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References
(1) Keller, G., Stinnesbeck, W., Adatte, T., Stueben, D., (2003) Multiple impacts across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, Earth Science Reviews, 62, 327-363.

(2) Swisher, C.C., and 11 others, l992. Coeval 40Ar/39Ar ages of 65 million years ago from Chicxulub crater melt rock and Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary tektites. Science 257, 954-958.

(3) Dalrymple, B.G., Izett, G. A, Snee, L. W., and Obradovich, J.D., l993. 40Ar/39Ar age spectra and total fusion ages of tektites from Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sedimentary rocks in the Beloc formation, Haiti. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2065, U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington D.C., 20 p.

(4) Izett, G., Maurasse, F.J.M.R., Lichte, F.E., Meeker, G.P., and Bates, R., l990. Tektites in Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary rocks on Haiti. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 90-635, 122p.

(5) Sigurdsson, H., Bonté, P., Turpin, L., Chaussidon, M., Metrich, N., Steinberg, M., Pradel, P., and D’Hondt, S., 1991. Geochemical constraints on source region of Cretaceous/Tertiary impact glasses. Nature 353, 839-842.

(6) Sharpton, V.L., Dalrymple, G.B., Marin, L.E., Ryder, G., Schuraytz, B.C. and Urrutia-Fucugauchi, J., l992. New links between the Chicxulub impact structure and the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Nature 359, 819-821.

(7) Blum, J.D. and Chamberlain, C.P., 1992. Oxygen isotope constraints on the origin of impact glasses from the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Science 257, 1104-1107. Blum, J.D., Chamberlain, C.P., Hingston, M.P., Koeberl, C., Marin, L.E., Schuraytz, B.C., and Sharpton, V.L., 1993. Isotopic comparison of K-T boundary impact glass with melt rock from the Chicxulub and Manson impact structures. Nature 364, 325-327.

(8) Smit, J., Montanari, A., Swinburne, N.H.M., Alvarez, W., Hildebrand, A., Margolis, S., Claeys, P., Lowrie, W., and Asaro, F., l992. Tektite bearling deep water clastic unit at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in northeastern Mexico. Geology, v. 20, 99-103.

(9) Smit, J., Roep, T.B., Alvarez, W., Montanari, A., Claeys, P., Grajales-Nishimura, J.M. and Bermúdez, J., 1996. Coarse-grained, clastic sandstone complex at the K/T boundary around the Gulf of Mexico: Deposition by tsunami waves induced by the Chicxulub impact. In: Ryder; G., Fastovsky, D., and Gartner, S., (eds.), The Cretaceous-Tertiary Event and Other Catastrophes in Earth History: Geological Society of America Special Paper 307,151-182.

(10) Smit, J., l999. The global stratigraphy of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary impact ejecta, Annual Reviews in Earth and Planetary Sciences 27, 75-113.

(11) Keller, G., Adatte, T., Stinnesbeck, W., Stueben, D. and Berner, Z., 2001. Age, Chemo- and Biostratigraphy of Haiti spherule-rich deposits: a Multi-event K-T scenario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38, 197-227.

(12) Keller, G., 2001. The end-Cretaceous Mass Extinction: Year 2000 Assessment. J. Planetary and Space Science 49, 817-830.

(13) Stinnesbeck, W., Keller, G., Schulte, P., Stueben, D., Berner, Z., Kramar, U. and Lopez-Oliva, J.G., 2002. The Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary transition at Coxquihui, State of Veracruz, Mexico: evidence for an early Danian impact event? Journal of South American Research, 15, 497-509.

(14) Stinnesbeck, W., Keller, G., de la Cruz, J., de Leon, C., MacLeod, N. and J.E. Whittaker, l997. The Cretaceous-Tertiary transition in Guatemala: limestone breccia deposits from the South Peten basin. Geol. Rundschau 86, 686-709.

Keller, G., and Stinnesbeck, W., 2000, Ir and the K/T boundary at El Caribe, Guatemala. International Journal of Earth Sciences 88, 844-852.

(15) Fourcade, E., Rocchia, R., Gardin, S., Bellier, J-P., Debrabant, P., Masure, E., Robin, E. and Pop, W.T. 1998. Age of the Guatemala breccias around the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: relationships with the asteroid impact on the Yucatan. Comptes Rendues de l’ Academie Scientifique Paris, Sciences de la Terre et des planètes 327, 47-53.

Fourcade, E., Piccioni, L., Escribá, J., and Rosselo, E. 1999. Cretaceous stratigraphy and palaeoenvironments of the Southern Petén Basin, Guatemala. Cretaceous Research 20, 793-811.

Debrabant, P., Fourcade, E., Chamley, H., Rocchia, R., Robin, E., Bellier, J.P., Gardin, S., Thiebault, F., 1999. Les argiles de la transition Cretace-Tertiaire au Guatemala, temoins d'un impact d'asteroide. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France 170, 643-660.

(16) Keller, G., Stinnesbeck, W., Adatte, T., and Holland, B., Stueben, D., Harting, M., C.de Leon and J. de la Cruz, 2003. Spherule deposits in Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary sediments in Belize and Guatemala. J. Geol. Society of London, 160, 783-795.

(17) Stüben, D., Kramer, U., Berner, Z., Eckhardt, J.D., Stinnesbeck, W., Keller, G., Adatte T. and Heide, K., 2002. Two anomalies of platinum group elements above the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary at Beloc, Haiti: Geochemical context and consequences for the impact scenario. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 356, p. 163-188.

Kramar, U., Stüben, D., Berner, Z., Stinnesbeck, W., Philipp, H. and Keller, G. 2001. Are Ir anomalies sufficient and unique indicators for cosmic events? Planetary and Space Science 49, 831-837.

(18) Keller, G., Stinnesbeck, W. and Lopez Oliva, J.G., l994. Age, deposition and biotic effects of the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary event at Mimbral, NE Mexico. Palaios, 9, 144-157.

(l9) Keller, G., Lopez-Oliva, J.G., Stinnesbeck, W., and Adatte, T., 1997. Age, stratigraphy and deposition of near K/T siliciclastic deposits in Mexico: Relation to bolide impact? Geological Society of America Bulletin 109, 410-428.

(20) Ekdale, A.A. and Stinnesbeck, W., l998. Ichnology of Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary beds in northeastern Mexico. Palaios 13, 593-602.

(21) Stinnesbeck, W., Barbarin, J.M., Keller, G., Lopez-Oliva, J.G., Pivnik, D.A., Lyons, J.B., Officer, C.B., Adatte, T., Graup,G., Rocchia, R., and Robin, E., l993. Deposition of channel deposits near the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in northeastern Mexico: Catastrophic or “normal” sedimentary deposits? Geology 21, 797-800.

(22) Keller, G., Stinnesbeck, W., Adatte, T., MacLeod, N and Lowe, D.R., l994. Field Guide to Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary section in northeastern Mexico. Houston, Texas, Lunar and Planetary Institute Contribution No. 827, 110 p.

(23) Adatte, T., Stinnesbeck, W., and Keller, G., l996. Lithostratigraphic and mineralogical correlations of near-K/T boundary clastic sediments in northeastern Mexico: Implications for mega-tsunami or sea level changes? Geol. Soc. Am., Special Paper 307, 197-210.

Stinnesbeck, W., Keller, G., Adatte, T., Lopez-Oliva, J.G., and N. MacLeod, l996. Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary clastic deposits in northeastern Mexico: impact tsunami or sea level lowstand? In MacLeod N and Keller, G., (eds),Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinctions. W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 471-518.

(24) Lopez-Oliva, J. G., and Keller, G., 1996. Age and stratigraphy of near-K/T boundary clastic deposits in NE Mexico. Geol. Soc. Amer., Special Paper 307. p. 227-242.

(25) Keller, G., Adatte, T., Stinnesbeck, W., Affolter, M., Schilli, L., and Lopez-Oliva, J.G., 2002a. Multiple spherule layers in the late Maastrichtian of northeastern Mexico. Geol. Soc. Amer., Special Publication 356, 145-161.

(26) Soria, A.R., Llesa, C.L., Mata, M. P., Arz, J. A., Alegret, L., Arenillas, I., and Melendez, A., 2001. Slumping and a sandbar deposit at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the El Tecolote section (northeastern Mexico): an impact-induced sediment gravity flow. Geology 29, 231-234.

(27) Keller, G., Stinnesbeck. W., and Adatte, T., 2002b. Slumping and a sandbar deposit at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the El Tecolote section (northeastern Mexico): an impact induced sediment gravity flow – Comment. Geology 30, 382-383.

(28) Li, L., and Keller, G. 1998b. Abrupt deep-sea warming at the end of the Cretaceous. Geology 26, 995-998.

(29) Hoffman, C., Feraud, G., and Courtillot, V., 2000. 40Ar/39Ar dating of mineral separates and whole rocks from the Western Ghats lava pile: further constraints on duration and age of Deccan traps. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 180, 13-27.

(30) Courtilot, V.1999. Evolutionnary catastrophes: the science of mass extinction. Cambridge Univesity Press, 174 p.

(31) Penfield,G.T. and Camargo, Z.A., l981. Definition of a major igneous zone in the central Yucantan platform with aeromagnetics and gravity, in Technical program, abstracts and biographies (Soc. Exploration Geophysicists, 51st annual international meeting) Los Angeles, Soc. Exploration Geophysicists, p. 37.

(32) Hildebrand, A.R., Penfield, G.T., Dring, D.A., Pilkington, M., Camargo, A.Z., Jacobson, S.B. and W.V. Boynton, l99l. A possible Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary impact crater on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Geology 19, 867-871.

(33) Meyerhoff, A.A., Lyons, J.B and Officer, C.B., l994. Chicxulub structure: A volcanic sequence of late Cretaceous age. Geology 22, 3-4.

(34) López Ramos, E., l975, Geologic summary of the Yucatan peninsula, In Nairn, A.E.M., and Stehli, F.G., eds., The ocean basins and margins, Vol. 3, The Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. New York, Plenum Press, p. 257-282.

(35) López Ramos, E., l973.Estudio geológico de la Península de Yucatán: Asociación Mexicana de Geológos Petroleros, Boletín, v. 25, 23-76.

(36) Ward, W.C., Keller, G., Stinnesbeck, W. and Adatte, T., l995. Yucatan subsurface stratigraphy: Implications and constraints for the Chicxulub impact. Geology 23, 873-876.

(37) Dressler, B. O., Sharpton, V.L., Morgan J., Buffler, R., Moran, D., Smit, J., Stoeffler, D. and J. Urrutia., 2003. Investigating a 65-Ma-old smoking gun: deep drilling of the Chicxulub impact structure. EOS, 84 (l4) p125.

(38a) Smit J. et al.2003. Stratigraphy of the Yaxcopoil-1 drll hole in the Chicxulub impact Crater (abstract). Geophysics Research Abstracts 5: 06498.

(38b) Smit, J., Chicxulub impact crater and the KT mass extinction revisited. CCNET Oct. 9, 2003.

(39) Debrabant, P., Fourcade, E., Chamley, H., et al., l999. Les argiles de la transition Cretace-Teriaire au Guatemala, temoins d’un impact d’asteroide. Bull. De la Soc. Geol. De France, 170, 643-660.

(40) Odin G.S. l988. Green marine clays. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 445pp.Odom I.E. l984. Glauconite and celadonite minerals. In Reviews in Mineralogy: Micas, Vol 13 edited by Bailey, S.W. The mineralogical society of America, Washington D.C., 545-572.

(41) Dalton, R., 2003. Hot temper, hard core. Nature 425, p.13-14.

(42) Stueben, D., Kramar, U., Harting, M., Stinnescbeck, W., and Adate T., in prep. Yaxopoil-1: Geochemical signal at the K-T boundary. Meteoritics.

(43) Rebolledo-Vieyra, M. and Urrutia-Fucugauchi, J., in prep. Magnetostratigraphy of the impact breccias and post-impact carbonates from Borehole Yaxcopoil-1, Chicxulub impact crater, Yucatan, Mexico. Meterotics.

(44) Keller, G., Adatte, T., and Stinnesbeck, W., in prep. Chicxulub impact predates KT boundary. Meteoritics.

(45) Keller, G., 2003. Biotic effects of volcanism and impacts. EPSL 215, 249-264.

(46) Smit, J., van der Gaast, S., and Lustenhouwer, W., 2004. Is the transition to post-impact rock complete? Some remarks based on XRF scanning electron microprobe and thin section analyses of the Yaxcopoil-1 core. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 39, 1113-1126.


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1. Chicxulub predates the KT boundary

2. Chicxulub Crater
3. Conclusions: Chicxulub impact predates KT by 300 kyr
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